IC50, EC50 and Kd: What is the Difference and Why Do They matter?

A modern computer monitor displays a data analytics graph with an upward-trending line in orange and red. The screen has a dark theme with a grid overlay and numerical values. The monitor is set on a desk with a keyboard and mouse, illuminated by warm ambient lighting in the background, creating a professional, high-tech atmosphere.

Three of the most common metrics in drug discover are Kd, IC50 and EC50. At first glance it can seem that they measure the same thing, but they don’t. Kd measures how tightly a molecule or compound binds to its target. IC50 measures inhibition of a function and conversely, EC50 measures activation or induction of a response. Confusing these values can lead to misinterpretation of assay results and costly rework. Let’s take a closer look at each one.

Continue reading “IC50, EC50 and Kd: What is the Difference and Why Do They matter?”

Tackling Undrugged Proteins with the Promega Academic Access Program

For some scientists, words like “undrugged protein” are almost a personal challenge. That simple phrase sparks a fire that fuels an intense drive to characterize the protein, solve its structure and develop a molecule that will bind it and produce a beneficial phenotype.

That’s how Dr. Val Watts feels about adenylyl cyclases. These GPCR-activated enzymes are promising targets for efforts related to chronic pain and many other health conditions. While more than 50% of approved drugs in the United States target GPCRs, there are currently no therapeutics targeting the downstream adenylyl cyclases.

“The fact that they are undrugged today…I take this challenge so seriously that I have a tattoo of adenylyl cyclase on my arm,” Val says. “I want to drug them before my time in academia is over.”

Val Watts is the Associate Dean for Research and a Professor of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at Purdue University. The Promega Academic Access Program has helped him bring technologies like NanoBRET® protein interaction assays into his lab at reduced costs. Technologies acquired through the program help Val’s team generate unique insights into adenylyl cyclase behavior in live cells, monitor critical molecules and much more. Their participation in the Academic Access Program and their growing relationships with Promega scientists have helped the lab navigate financial constraints while still pushing their research forward.

Continue reading “Tackling Undrugged Proteins with the Promega Academic Access Program”

Alzheimer Disease and Metabolic Dysfunction: A Critical Intersection in Brain Health

This guest blog post is written by Alden Little, a Marketing Intern at Promega.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders, affecting millions worldwide. While much attention has been given to amyloid plaques and tau tangles, emerging research suggests that metabolic dysfunction in the brain plays a crucial role in the disease’s progression. A recent study published in Acta Neuropathologica by Schröder et al. sheds new light on how astrocytes—the brain’s metabolic support cells—are affected in AD, and how their dysfunction impacts neurons.

Auguste Deter, a patient of Dr. Alzheimer, who first described the hallmark plaques and tangles of AD.
Continue reading “Alzheimer Disease and Metabolic Dysfunction: A Critical Intersection in Brain Health”

Strengthening Water Safety Measures with Advanced Detection

Detecting Legionella in water systems is a critical step in preventing outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease. However, not all detection methods are created equal. One of the biggest challenges in water testing is differentiating between viable and non-viable cells. This distinction is essential for making informed decisions about water system safety and compliance, especially in high-stakes environments like hospitals, office buildings and public spaces.

In a previous blog, we explored the history and significance of Legionella testing, from its discovery during the 1976 outbreak to the risks posed by modern water systems. We also highlighted the limitations of traditional culture-based detection and the need for advanced tools to improve accuracy and speed. In this second blog, we will dive deeper into the challenges of Legionella detection, the science behind qPCR technology and how an innovative approach to qPCR addresses these challenges. Finally, we will demonstrate how this technology fits into established workflows to deliver reliable, actionable results for water safety. 

Common water testing icons are shown with blue circles, including a water faucet, water testing imagery, water droplets, water droplets with a magnifying glass, and a water droplet on a clipboard.
Continue reading “Strengthening Water Safety Measures with Advanced Detection”

Figure Methodology: The Balance Between Accuracy and Aesthetics

Concept image of the balance between scientific accuracy and aesthetics.
Generated with DALL-E.

In the ever-changing landscape of life sciences, the relationship between science and design remains essential. For example, have you ever read a blog or article overloaded with excessive terminology? Or an advertisement with complex information or graphics? This can be overwhelming and may cause you to miss the key message. Similarly, when an image is overly designed, it risks missing the mark entirely.

Enter the scientific figures. Whether the data is conveyed through complex graphs or scientific illustrations, design plays a vital role in providing clarity to the story. With that in mind, here are a few tips I’ve learned as a designer working with scientists in the life science and healthcare fields that can help you collaborate more effectively:

Continue reading “Figure Methodology: The Balance Between Accuracy and Aesthetics”

Reprogramming T Cells with DCA: A Metabolic Breakthrough

T cell-based immunotherapies, including CAR-T and TCR-T therapies, have transformed cancer treatment.

T cell-based immunotherapies, including CAR-T and TCR-T therapies, have transformed cancer treatment. T cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune system, recognizing and eliminating abnormal or infected cells. These therapies train T cells to attack tumors; however, a major hurdle remains: most lab-grown T cells fail to persist after an infusion in a patient. Despite transferring millions of tumor-targeting cells, many quickly die off, limiting their effectiveness inside the body. But why?

Continue reading “Reprogramming T Cells with DCA: A Metabolic Breakthrough”

Understanding Stress Resilience in Tomatoes: Insights Into the Role of PP2C Genes

An illustration of a tomato plant divided between normal and drought conditions. This study looks at the role of PP2C in stress response.

As climate change accelerates, understanding how crops survive environmental stress isn’t just an academic question—it’s a critical challenge for global food security. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), a staple crop worldwide, face increasing threats from drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. But how do these plants adapt at the molecular level?

A recent study published in Scientific Reports ​investigated the evolutionary history, genomic diversity, and functional roles of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) genes in tomatoes (1). Instead of merely cataloging these genes, the researchers analyzed how PP2C gene expression changes under environmental stress. This information could help inform us about crop improvement strategies.

Continue reading “Understanding Stress Resilience in Tomatoes: Insights Into the Role of PP2C Genes”

Celebrating Creativity and Innovation: The 2025 Promega Employee Art Showcase

At Promega, we believe that creativity drives innovation, challenges conventional thinking, and amplifies our ability to solve complex problems. Our annual Employee Art Showcase, a tradition since 1998, serves as a perfect expression of this belief. This event highlights the incredible creative talents of our employees and their families, offering a space to explore art in all its forms.

This year’s event was nothing short of inspiring, with 130 pieces of art submitted by employees and their families, beautifully displayed at the BioPharmaceutical Technology Center on the Promega Madison campus. The opening reception, held on January 16, featured a lively atmosphere with music performed by the Promega band, Major Groove, and a cozy hot cocoa bar—setting the perfect stage for appreciating the diverse artwork on display.

Continue reading “Celebrating Creativity and Innovation: The 2025 Promega Employee Art Showcase”

From PhD to Communications in Four Phases: A Practical Guide to Uncover your Career Skills

Remember learning to swim and realizing you could float without trying? While floating alone did not make you fit for the Olympics, it did mean you were ready to start learning the moves without sinking. As a PhD student or recent graduate exploring a career away from research, you might feel similarly unprepared, but without realizing it, you have been building the skills you need right from the start.

Phase 1: Exploration

In every PhD comes a time where you must decide between following the academic route, switching to research in industry, or leaving the bench behind altogether. Facing this decision, you might find yourself facing more questions than answers or even start to doubt your choice of degree. If this is the case, let me reassure you, you are not alone.

Continue reading “From PhD to Communications in Four Phases: A Practical Guide to Uncover your Career Skills”

Bacteria From Insect Guts Could Help Degrade Plastic

For the past few decades, plastic pollution has become a serious environmental challenge. Plastic production has continued to increase and there are a variety of plastic polymer types available. Polystyrene (PS) is one of the most widely used plastics due to its durability, strength, and low cost. However, the qualities that make this plastic valuable also make it highly resistant to degradation.

Continue reading “Bacteria From Insect Guts Could Help Degrade Plastic”